![]() The first 14 items described as screeners include excitement, immobility/stupor, staring, posturing, grimacing, stereotypy, echopraxia/echolalia, withdrawal, mannerisms, verbigeration, rigidity, negativism, and waxy flexibility. The severity and description and schema are detailed. This is a 23 item scale, the first 14 are screening items, and two of these 14 need to be present for a positive diagnosis. The best way to evaluate for symptoms of catatonia is via the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BCFRS). Blood chemistries, blood count, serum iron, and even lumbar puncture for autoimmune antibodies for more severe cases of catatonia may be indicated. There is now more importance placed now on neuroimaging in cases of catatonia as there has been a noted decrease in functioning in the motor regions of the parietal and frontal cortexes of the cerebrum. Further, there are three types of catatonia that have been classified, including akinetic, hyperkinetic, and malignant catatonia. The advent of DSM-V has placed catatonia in its own category with schizophrenia as a specifier. There exist many suggested theories elucidating the etiology of catatonia. Kahlbaum has ultimately been credited with the understanding that symptoms such as stupor and catalepsy were part of a larger syndrome of psychomotor abnormalities, which he termed as "catatonia." This can be a part of a larger schizophrenic illness or even a bipolar affective illness or medical illness. įeatures of catatonia had been described since the 1800s by prominent physicians such as Kahlbaum and even Kraepelin, who defined catatonia within the larger definition of dementia praecox. "Catatonia" is a word that has undergone multiple definitions and loosely is associated with multiple psychomotor abnormalities and behavioral dysregulation. ![]() In 2013 the American Psychiatric Association (APA) combined all the subtypes under the general category of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia was divided into five subtypes, including disorganized schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and catatonic schizophrenia per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV).
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